In an attempt to improve cockpit operation, research was conducted on the use of unique sounds (coughing, brakes screeching, elephant trumpeting) rather than the more abstract tones currently employed (Perry, N., Stevens, C., Wiggins, M., and Howell, C. "Cough Once for Danger: Icons versus Abstract Warnings as Informative Alerts in Civil Aviation, Human Factors, Vol 49, No. 6, 2007, pp1061-1071). The unique sounds, referred to as iconic warnings, were faster to learn and had better reaction time and accuracy when used. This held true for both high and low workload conditions.
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